Electronics

Decibel Reference

Decibel math, power/voltage ratios, reference levels (dBm, dBu, dBV), and everyday SPL examples.

Formulas

dB (power)10 · log₁₀(P₁ / P₀)
dB (voltage / field)20 · log₁₀(V₁ / V₀)
Ratio → dB×2 ≈ 3 dB (power), 6 dB (voltage); ×10 = 10 dB (power), 20 dB (voltage)
dB → ratio10^{dB/10} (power) or 10^{dB/20} (voltage)

Common dB values

dBPower ratioVoltage ratio
0 dB11
1 dB1.261.12
3 dB21.41
6 dB42
10 dB103.16
20 dB10010
30 dB1 00031.6
40 dB10 000100
60 dB10⁶1 000
100 dB10¹⁰100 000
120 dB10¹²10⁶

Reference levels

dBmPower relative to 1 mW. 0 dBm = 1 mW, 30 dBm = 1 W.
dBWPower relative to 1 W. dBW = dBm − 30.
dBuAudio voltage; 0 dBu = 0.775 V_rms (into 600 Ω).
dBV0 dBV = 1 V_rms. dBu = dBV + 2.22.
dBFSDigital full-scale. 0 dBFS = clipping point.
dB SPLSound pressure level, reference 20 µPa (threshold of hearing).

Everyday SPL

SourcedB SPL
Threshold of hearing0
Whisper30
Quiet library40
Normal conversation60
Busy street80
Lawn mower90
Rock concert110
Jet engine (30 m)140
Threshold of pain≥130
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