Electronics

Power Formulas Reference

Power formulas — DC, AC single-phase, three-phase, and mechanical power.

DC power

P = V · IWatts = Volts × Amps
P = I² · RCurrent squared × resistance
P = V² / RVoltage squared / resistance
EnergyW = P · t (watt-seconds = joules)
kWhP(kW) × t(hours) — utility billing unit

AC single-phase

Real power P= V · I · cos φ (watts)
Apparent power S= V · I (VA)
Reactive power Q= V · I · sin φ (VAR)
Power factorPF = cos φ = P / S
Always use RMSV and I in AC formulas are RMS values

AC three-phase

Real power= √3 · V_line · I_line · cos φ
Apparent power= √3 · V_line · I_line
Line vs phaseV_line = √3 · V_phase (wye); I_line = √3 · I_phase (delta)

Mechanical power

RotationalP = τ · ω (torque × angular velocity in rad/s)
From RPMP(W) = τ(N·m) · RPM · 2π / 60
Horsepower1 hp = 746 W (mechanical); 1 hp = 745.7 W (metric)
LinearP = F · v (force × velocity)

Unit conversions

UnitEquals
1 W1 J/s
1 kW1.341 hp
1 hp745.7 W
1 Btu/h0.293 W
1 ton (AC)3.517 kW of cooling
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