Speed of Light Conversions

c in various units, light-travel distances, and fiber/cable propagation delays.

Reference Reference Updated Apr 19, 2026
Reference

c in different units

c (exact)
299 792 458 m/s
km/s
299 792.458
mi/s
186 282.397
m/ns
0.2998 (≈ 1 foot / ns)
Light year
9.461 × 10¹⁵ m ≈ 5.879 × 10¹² mi
1 AU travel time
499.0 s (8 min 19 s)

One-way travel times

From → To Distance Time
Earth ↔ Moon 384 400 km 1.28 s
Earth → Sun 149.6 × 10⁶ km 8 min 19 s
Earth → Mars (min) 54.6 × 10⁶ km 3 min 2 s
Earth → Mars (max) 401 × 10⁶ km 22 min 18 s
Earth → Jupiter (avg) 778 × 10⁶ km 43 min 15 s
Sun → Alpha Centauri 4.24 ly 4.24 years
Milky Way diameter ~100 000 ly 100 000 years

In media (velocity factor)

Medium VF Speed
Vacuum 1.0 299 792 458 m/s
Air (STP) 0.9997 ≈ c
Glass (n=1.5) 0.67 200 000 km/s
Optical fiber 0.67 200 000 km/s
Water 0.75 225 000 km/s
Coax (typical RG-58) 0.66 198 000 km/s
Coax (RG-8) 0.84 252 000 km/s
PCB microstrip (FR-4) ~0.5 ~150 000 km/s

Notes

  • In vacuum, 1 light-nanosecond ≈ 30 cm (~1 foot).
  • In a typical PCB trace on FR-4, signal takes ~150 ps per inch — used for length matching calculations.

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