Three-Phase Basics

Three-phase power systems — wye vs delta, line vs phase quantities, and common voltages.

Reference Reference Updated Apr 19, 2026
Reference

Wye (star) vs delta

Wye (Y) Delta (Δ)
Neutral Present No neutral
V_line = √3 · V_phase = V_phase
I_line = I_phase = √3 · I_phase
Typical use Utility distribution, 4-wire Motor windings, industrial
Ground fault Neutral gives a return path Ungrounded — harder to detect

Common system voltages

System V_line V_phase
US 120/208 V (wye) 208 V 120 V
US 277/480 V (wye) 480 V 277 V
US 240 V delta 240 V 240 V
EU 230/400 V (wye) 400 V 230 V
Japan 100/200 V 200 V 100 V

Power formulas

Real power P
= √3 · V_line · I_line · cos φ
Apparent power S
= √3 · V_line · I_line
Reactive power Q
= √3 · V_line · I_line · sin φ
Phase sequence
ABC (positive) or ACB (negative) — motors rotate opposite direction

Notes

  • Three-phase delivers constant instantaneous power — ideal for motors (no torque ripple).
  • For the same power, three-phase needs less copper than three single-phase lines combined.
  • Unbalanced loads on a 3-phase system create neutral current (wye) or circulating current (delta).

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