Transformers Reference

Transformer fundamentals — turns ratio, impedance reflection, losses, and typical applications.

Reference Reference Updated Apr 19, 2026
Reference

Ideal equations

V_p / V_s
= N_p / N_s (turns ratio)
I_p / I_s
= N_s / N_p (inverse of voltage ratio)
Power in = Power out
V_p · I_p = V_s · I_s (ideal)
Reflected impedance
Z_p = Z_s · (N_p / N_s)²

Types by core

Core Use
Laminated silicon steel (EI) 50/60 Hz mains
Toroidal silicon steel Mains — lower stray field
Ferrite SMPS (10 kHz – 1 MHz)
Powdered iron RF chokes, DC-biased inductors
Air core RF > 10 MHz
Nanocrystalline Current sensors, high-frequency EMI filters

Loss mechanisms

Copper loss
I² · R in windings — dominant at heavy load
Core (iron) loss
Hysteresis + eddy currents — present even at no load
Leakage inductance
Causes voltage regulation drop
Magnetizing current
Excites core even with no load

Common uses

  • Step down: mains to low voltage for linear supplies.
  • Isolation: 1:1 transformer breaks ground loops, provides safety isolation.
  • Impedance matching: audio output (8 Ω speaker → tube amp), RF (50 Ω antenna → 300 Ω dipole).
  • Current sensing: CT (current transformer) steps down AC for measurement.