Earth Constants

Size and mass

Equatorial radius

6 378.137 km

Polar radius

6 356.752 km

Mean radius

6 371.0 km

Circumference (equator)

40 075 km

Surface area

5.10 × 10⁸ km²

Volume

1.083 × 10¹² km³

Mass

5.972 × 10²⁴ kg

Mean density

5.514 g/cm³

Gravity and motion

Standard gravity g

9.806 65 m/s²

Escape velocity

11.186 km/s

Axial tilt

23.4393°

Rotation period (sidereal)

23 h 56 min 4.1 s

Day (mean solar)

86 400 s

Orbital period

365.256 days

Orbital speed

29.78 km/s

Mean distance from Sun (AU)

1.000 AU = 1.496 × 10⁸ km

Atmosphere and magnetic field

Atmosphere composition

78.08% N₂, 20.95% O₂, 0.93% Ar, ~0.04% CO₂

Mean surface pressure

101.325 kPa

Atmospheric scale height

~8.5 km

Magnetic field (surface)

25–65 μT