Construction

Machine Taper Reference — Morse, R8, Jacobs, CAT / BT

Dimensions and taper ratios for Morse (MT0-6), R8, Brown & Sharpe, Jacobs, and V-flange CAT / BT / NMTB tool holders used on drill presses, mills, and CNC spindles.

Machine tapers transfer torque and provide self-centering. Self-holding tapers (Morse, Brown & Sharpe, Jacobs) grip on friction alone — knock-out slot and drawbar release them. Steep / self-releasing tapers (R8, CAT / BT / NMTB / HSK) need a drawbar to hold the tool and come free with a rap once the bar is loosened. Taper per foot (TPF) is the included diameter change — a 0.500 TPF means the diameter grows 0.500" over 12" of axial length (i.e., each side angles 1.19°).

Morse taper (MT) — self-holding

TaperSmall end (D₁)Large end (D₀)LengthTaper /footUse
MT00.252" / 6.401 mm0.3561" / 9.045 mm2.000" / 50.8 mm0.6246Very small drills, micro lathes
MT10.369" / 9.370 mm0.475" / 12.065 mm2.125" / 54.0 mm0.5986Small hand drills, #6 to 3/8 drill shanks
MT20.572" / 14.529 mm0.700" / 17.780 mm2.5625" / 65.1 mm0.5994Drill-press spindles, 3/8 - 1/2" drill shanks
MT30.778" / 19.760 mm0.938" / 23.825 mm3.1875" / 81.0 mm0.6024Lathe tailstocks, small mills
MT41.020" / 25.909 mm1.231" / 31.267 mm4.0625" / 103.2 mm0.6233Mid-size lathes, Bridgeport spindle nose (older)
MT51.475" / 37.465 mm1.748" / 44.399 mm5.1875" / 131.8 mm0.6315Large engine lathes, big drill presses
MT62.116" / 53.746 mm2.494" / 63.348 mm7.250" / 184.2 mm0.6257Heavy industrial lathes, horizontal boring
MT72.750" / 69.850 mm3.270" / 83.058 mm10.000" / 254.0 mm0.6240Very heavy machinery (rare)

R8 — Bridgeport-style mill spindle (self-releasing)

Taper angle16°51' (a steep self-releasing taper — drawbar required)
Small end Ø0.687" / 17.45 mm (nominal)
Large end Ø0.950" / 24.13 mm
Length0.912" / 23.16 mm
Drawbar thread7/16-20 UNF (imperial) · M12 × 1.75 on most metric R8 spindles
Keyway5/32" wide × 1-1/8" long (indexes on spindle key to transmit torque)
OriginBridgeport Series 1 milling machines from ~1936; now the de-facto standard on knee mills and small VMCs

Jacobs taper (JT) — chuck arbors (self-holding)

TaperSmall endLarge endLengthTaper /footTypical use
JT00.2500"0.2284"0.43"0.59150-3 mm chuck
JT10.3840"0.3334"0.8125"0.92281/4" drill chuck
JT20.5590"0.4876"0.875"0.97823/8" drill chuck (most common benchtop)
JT330.625"0.561"1.000"0.76601/2" drill chuck (Albrecht, precision)
JT30.811"0.7565"1.000"0.63401/2" - 5/8" chuck
JT41.124"1.0401"1.375"0.62333/4" chuck, lathe dead centers
JT51.4163"1.3196"1.4375"0.63961" chuck (heavy)
JT60.676"0.624"1.000"0.6240Morse-like alternate for lathe tailstocks
JT70.750"0.6980"1.375"0.6240Extra-small keyless chucks

Brown & Sharpe — older milling machines

SizeSmall endLarge endLengthTaper /foot
B&S 10.200"0.239"0.9375"0.502
B&S 20.250"0.299"1.1875"0.502
B&S 30.3125"0.375"1.5"0.502
B&S 50.450"0.539"2.1875"0.502
B&S 70.600"0.719"2.875"0.502
B&S 90.900"1.062"3.9375"0.502
B&S 101.0446"1.2407"4.75"0.516
B&S 111.250"1.485"5.6875"0.500
B&S 121.500"1.797"7.250"0.500
B&S 131.800"2.166"8.8125"0.500

V-flange tool holders — CAT / BT / NMTB (self-releasing, drawbar)

SizeGauge ØTaper angleTypical spindlePull stud thread (CAT)
CAT 30 / BT 30 / NMTB 301.250" / 31.75 mm8° 17' 50" (7:24)Small VMCs, high-speed spindles5/8-11 UNC (CAT 30)
CAT 40 / BT 40 / NMTB 401.750" / 44.45 mm8° 17' 50" (7:24)Mid-size VMCs (most common)5/8-11 UNC (CAT 40)
CAT 45 / BT 452.250" / 57.15 mm8° 17' 50" (7:24)Large VMCs3/4-10 UNC
CAT 50 / BT 50 / NMTB 502.750" / 69.85 mm8° 17' 50" (7:24)Large HMCs / heavy cutting mills1-8 UNC
CAT 60 / BT 604.250" / 107.95 mm8° 17' 50" (7:24)Huge HMCs (rare, aerospace, moulds)1-1/4-7 UNC

HSK — Hollow-shank tool holders

HSK-A63Automatic tool-change, 63 mm gauge. Common on modern high-speed VMCs.
HSK-A100Heavy-cut automatic. Large moulds and aerospace.
HSK-ESymmetrical high-speed (no driving slots) — spindle speeds > 40 000 rpm.
ClampingHollow taper contacts the spindle both on the 1:10 taper and the flange face — higher rigidity than CAT / BT at the same size.
vs CATHSK has ~2× the bending stiffness of same-size CAT / BT and zero axial pull-out. Downside: fussier on cleanliness, more expensive toolholders.

Self-holding vs self-releasing — how to tell

  • Self-holding tapers (Morse, B&S, Jacobs) are shallow (~3° to 8° included) and grip on friction alone — a pound of force is enough to seat them, and they need a drift punch through the knock-out slot to release.
  • Self-releasing tapers (R8, CAT, BT, NMTB, HSK) are steep (15-17° included). They cannot transmit torque without a drawbar and driving key / dog.
  • All CAT / BT / NMTB toolholders have the same 7:24 taper ratio (8°17'50") but differ in flange OD, pull-stud thread, and retention mechanism. CAT = ANSI, BT = JIS, NMTB = older ANSI (face is pin-driven; CAT / BT use keyway drive).
  • BT and CAT toolholders are not interchangeable despite identical tapers — flange is different, retention pull-stud thread differs, and balance grade may differ. Always match the spindle type.
  • To ID an unknown taper: measure small-end diameter and length with calipers, look up in the table. 2.5" length + ~0.572" small end = MT2; 0.912" length + 0.687" small end + drawbar = R8.

Notes

  • Dimensions per ASME B5.10 (Morse / B&S), ISO 7388 (CAT / BT), DIN 69871 (SK / BT / HSK). Commercial toolholders are typically toleranced AT-3 or AT-4 (ISO 1947).
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