Construction guides

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Construction Bolt Torque Specs Typical dry-thread torque values for SAE and metric bolt grades. Construction Countersink & Counterbore Chart Counterbore and countersink dimensions for socket-head cap screws, flat-head cap screws, button-head, and metric equivalents. Hole diameter, depth, and included-angle values for inch (ANSI) and metric (ISO/DIN) fasteners. Construction Fastener Materials Guide Common bolt/screw materials — strength grades, corrosion, and cost. Construction G-Code Reference for CNC Machines G-code and M-code command reference for CNC milling, turning, and 3D printing machines. Includes motion, work offsets, spindle, coolant, and common program structure. Construction Keyway & Key Size Chart Square key, rectangular key, and Woodruff key dimensions by shaft diameter. Covers ANSI B17.1 (inch), DIN 6885 / ISO 2491 (metric), and Woodruff standard sizes with keyway depth for shaft and hub. Construction Machine Taper Reference — Morse, R8, Jacobs, CAT / BT Dimensions and taper ratios for Morse (MT0-6), R8, Brown & Sharpe, Jacobs, and V-flange CAT / BT / NMTB tool holders used on drill presses, mills, and CNC spindles. Construction Measurement Tolerances ISO IT grades, typical machining tolerances, and when each is appropriate. Construction O-Ring Groove Dimensions (AS568) AS568 standard O-ring sizes with recommended groove width, depth, and radii for static face, static radial, dynamic piston, and dynamic rod seals. Includes metric BS / JIS equivalents and squeeze-percentage guidelines. Construction Pipe Thread Tap Drill Chart (NPT / BSPT / BSPP) Tap drill sizes for tapered pipe threads (NPT, NPTF, BSPT) and parallel pipe threads (NPS, BSPP / G). Includes nominal size, OD, threads-per-inch, and drill size in inches and millimetres. Construction Reamer Allowance & Hole-Prep Chart Recommended pre-drill undersize for hand and machine reaming, plus grinding, honing, and lapping stock allowances. Imperial and metric tables with speeds-and-feeds for common reamer operations. Construction Sheet Metal Gauge Chart Sheet-metal gauge number to thickness (inches and millimetres) for carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminum, galvanized steel, zinc, and copper. Covers gauges 3 through 30. Construction Speeds & Feeds Chart Starting surface speeds (SFM) and chip loads (IPT) for milling, turning, and drilling across common materials. HSS and carbide values plus the RPM / feed-rate formulas machinists use every day. Construction Surface Finish (Ra) Chart Achievable Ra surface-roughness values for common machining, grinding, and finishing processes — in micro-inches (μin) and micrometres (μm). Includes Ra-to-RMS-to-Rz conversions and process-selection guidance. Construction Tap & Clearance Drill Sizes — Imperial Inch / UNC / UNF tap and clearance drill sizes. Shows 75% thread (aluminum, brass, plastics) and 50% thread (steel, stainless, iron) tap drills plus Close Fit and Free Fit clearance drills for every screw size from #0 to 1 inch. Construction Tap & Clearance Drill Sizes — Metric ISO metric tap and clearance drill sizes. 75% thread (aluminum, brass, plastics) and 50% thread (steel, stainless, iron) tap drills plus H11 Close Fit and H12 Free Fit clearance drills for every coarse and fine metric thread from M1.6 up to M30. Construction Thread Sizes Reference UNC / UNF and metric ISO thread sizes — diameter, TPI, and tap drill sizes. Construction Twist Drill Point Angles by Material Recommended twist-drill point angle, relief angle, and helix angle by material — from mild steel (118°) through stainless (135° split-point) to plastics and composites. Includes regrind guidance and special-purpose drill types.